Biology review

Strand LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Strand LS3 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Key Concept

Biologists study life in all its forms.

Vocabulary

biosphere	biology	metabolism
biodiversity	organism	DNA
species	cell

Use the phrases in the box above to fill in the chart below.

  1. In the box labeled The Biosphere, list examples of environments on Earth in which life is found.

  2. In the box labeled Species, list examples of species that can be found on Earth.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

  3. The _____________ even includes places such as your eyelashes, pools of hot, acidic water in Yellowstone National Park, and cold, windswept rocks in the Aleutian Islands.

  4. Members of a __________ should be able to reproduce together.

  5. In places where ____________ is high, there are more species.

Main idea: All organisms share certain characteristics.

  6. In the box below, circle the four items that are characteristic of all
living organisms. Cross out the items that are not characteristics of all
living organisms.

need energy	need sunlight	can reproduce
made up of one or more cells	produce seeds	can move
ability to feel pain	need to sleep	react to environment

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

  7. The most common organisms on Earth have one cell / more than one cell.

  8. Animals need energy / DNA in order to build up or break down materials.

  9. Cells reproduce by dividing / combining.

10. When organisms reproduce, they pass on their metabolism / genetic material.

Vocabulary Check

Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.

11. All organisms store their genetic material in

a. DNA.

b. cells.

c. species.

d. metabolism.

12. An organism is

a. a type of species.

b. an environment in the biosphere.

c. any individual living thing.

d. the basic unit of life.

13. The scientific study of all forms of life is called

a. geology.

b. chemistry.

c. physics.

d. biology.

Key Concept

Match each body part with its specialized function.

  5. brain cells                                  carry an organism

  6. enzymes                          process information

  7. feet                                  pumps blood throughout the body

  8. heart                                enable chemical processes

  9. teeth                                grind food

Main idea: Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments.

10. Circle the conditions that are regulated by homeostasis.

temperature	outside environment	blood sugar
acidity	thoughts

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

11. Humans shiver in response to cold because of the body’s attempts to maintain an even temperature / acidity.

12. Homeostasis is important because behaviors / cells need certain conditions in order to function.

13. The body usually uses positive / negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.

14. The conditions outside the body are always the same / changing, but the conditions inside the body are generally very changeable / stable.

Main Idea: Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.

Choose whether each statement is true or false.

15. true / false All living species evolve and change over time.

16. true / false Adaptation occurs when you get cold and put on a coat.

Vocabulary Check

Match the words with their meanings.

17. organized group of related parts that interact to form a whole		evolution
18. physical environment with different species that interact with each other and with nonliving things		adaptation
19. an inherited trait that gives an advantage to individual organisms and is passed on to future generations		homeostasis
20. the change in living things over time		ecosystem
21. the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism		system

Chapter 2

Key Concept

All living things are based on atoms and their interactions.

Vocabulary

atom	ion	molecule
element	ionic bond
compound	covalent bond

Main Idea: Living things consist of atoms of different elements.

Draw lines to connect the parts of an atom with their descriptions.

  1. nucleus                                       particle with a positive electrical charge

  2. neutron                                       particle with a negative electrical charge

  3. proton                                         particle with no electrical charge

  4. electron                                      dense center of an atom

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

  5. Water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), are examples of
compounds / elements.

  6. Elements / Compounds are made up of only one type of atom.

Main Idea: Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Choose whether the statement is true or false.

  7. true / false An atom becomes an ion when its number of protons changes.

  8. true / false Some ions are positively charged, and some ions have no charge.

  9. true / false The formation of an ion results in a full outermost energy level.

10. true / false Ions usually form when electrons are transferred from one
atom to another.

Key Concept

Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

Vocabulary

cytoskeleton	Golgi apparatus	lysosome
nucleus	vesicle	centriole
endoplasmic reticulum	mitochondrion	cell wall
ribosome	vacuole	chloroplast

Main Idea: Cells have an internal structure.

  1. Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane?

a. It supports and shapes the cell.

b. It assists in cell division.

c. It positions organelles.

d. It provides energy to the cell.

MAIN IDEA: Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.

Draw a line to connect each organelle with its function.                                           

2. nucleus	a. link amino acids together to form proteins
3. endoplasmic reticulum	b. carry certain molecules from place to place in a cell
4. ribosomes	c. processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
5. Golgi apparatus	d. stores most of the genetic information of a cell
6. vesicles	e. helps in the production of proteins and lipids

MAIN IDEA: Other organelles have various functions.

Draw a line to connect each organelle with its function.                                           

7. mitochondrion	a. stores materials needed by the cell; may help provide support to plant cells
8. vacuole	b. contains enzymes that break down damaged and worn-out cell parts; defends a cell from invaders
9. lysosome	c. supplies energy to the cell by converting molecules from food into usable energy
10. centriole	d. organizes microtubules to form cilia and flagella for cell motion or the movement of fluids past a cell

MAIN IDEA: Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

11. The cell walls in a plant are strong and rigid / flexible and adhere to each other, which helps to support the entire plant.

12. A cell wall and a cell membrane are different. All cells are surrounded by a cell wall / cell membrane that is rigid / flexible and interacts with the environment. Only certain cells have a cell wall / cell membrane, which is rigid / flexible and provides shape and support to cells.

13. Chloroplasts enable plants to convert soil nutrients / solar energy into energy-rich molecules that cells can use.

Vocabulary Check

14. The endoplasmic reticulum is a maze of folded membranes where _______ and _______ are produced.

15. The mitochondrion converts food into ________ that is usable by a cell.

Main Idea: Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

11. Shared pairs of electrons fill the innermost / outermost energy levels of
bonded atoms.

12. Covalent bonds are generally very strong / weak.

13. Two atoms may form several covalent bonds to share several pairs of
protons / electrons.

14. A molecule is held together by ionic / covalent bonds.

Vocabulary Check

element	compound	ion	molecule
ionic bond	covalent bond	atom

Write each word or phrase next to its definition.

____________________ 15.       a substance made of atoms of different elements                     bonded together in a certain ratio

____________________ 16.       a particular type of atom

____________________ 17.       a bond formed by the electrical force between two                 ions of opposite charge

____________________ 18.       a bond formed when two atoms share a pair
                                            of electrons

____________________ 19.       the smallest basic unit of matter

____________________ 20.       two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Main Idea: Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.

Complete the diagram below, which represents organization in
multicellular organisms.

  4. There are several types of tissues found in plants. Two examples are __________________________ tissue and ______________________ tissue.

  5. Two examples of organ systems found in plants are the __________________ system and the ____________________ system.

Vocabulary

chromosome	centromere	anaphase
histone	telomere	telophase
chromatin	prophase
chromatid	metaphase

Main Idea: Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.

  1. A chromosome is one long, continuous thread of _________ that has many genes and regulatory information.

  2. Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis so that they can be more
easily ________________ between the two nuclei.

  3. Chromosomes are not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle, because proteins need to be able to access _______________ during other stages of the cell cycle.

  4. Make a sketch of how DNA goes from a long stringy form to a tightly condensed form. On the final stage (the condensed, duplicated chromosome), label the chromatid, telomere, and centromere.

Key Concept

Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

Vocabulary

somatic cell	autosome	fertilization
gamete	sex chromosome	diploid
homologous chromosome	sexual reproduction	haploid
		meiosis

Main Idea: You have body cells and gametes.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

            1.         The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called ______________ and ______________.

            2.         The gametes are located in the _____________ organs.

            3.         The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is _______.

MAIN IDEA: Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.

Fill in the Concept Map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes.